implemented the Clayton Act of 1914, exempting unions from antitrust laws and barring courts from issuing injunctions that would curtail the right to strike. [73], The Oregon Direct Legislation League was an organization of political activists founded by William S. U'Ren in 1898. He tried, without success, to lower the high protective tariff in Washington. It prohibited the manufacturing, sale or transport of intoxicating beverages within the United States, as well as import and export. It was weak in the towns and cities except in labor unions. In other cases, political machines, or a small group of people that control politics by giving favors, took over state legislatures and picked their own candidates. Progressive Era reformers sought to harness the power of the federal government to eliminate unethical and unfair business practices, reduce corruption, and counteract the negative social effects of industrialization. Pinchot served as the first Chief of the United States Forest Service from 1905 until 1910 and was the 28th Governor of Pennsylvania, serving from 1923 to 1927, and again from 1931 to 1935. Later tax acts implemented a federal estate tax and raised the top income tax rate to 77 percent. Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. It also included trusts or combinations in beef, lumber, wine, turpentine, wallpaper, licorice, thread, and watches. [137] Within more engagements and marriages, both parties would exchange love notes as a way to express their sexual feelings. [247] There were some less successful attempts in the South, where educational levels were far lower. [193] Wilson helped end the long battles over the trusts with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. Videos. Some reform of the Progressive Era was not seen as progressive and other reforms did not last or were repealed. The Progressive Era | American History Quiz - Quizizz By the early 1920s, a consensus had been reached that the total influx of immigration had to be restricted, and a series of laws in the 1920s accomplished that purpose. "[270] Gerster and Cords argue that, "Since progressivism was a 'spirit' or an 'enthusiasm' rather than an easily definable force with common goals, it seems more accurate to argue that it produced a climate for reform which lasted well into the 1920s, if not beyond. Progressive Era reforms tackled all sorts of problems, from political corruption to labor laws. 240 lessons. Many spent this leisure time at movie theaters. "Prominent Women in the Progressive Era: A Study of Life Histories" (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. Bellamys reformed society had thus, as his protagonist Julian West notes with great satisfaction, simply applied the principle of universal military service, as it was understood during the 19th century, to the labor question. In Bellamys utopian world there were no battlefields, but those who displayed exceptional valour in promoting the prosperity of society were honoured for their service. By 1900 middle class "progressive" reformers everywhere were studying it. in David R Colburn and Sandra Pozzetta, eds., Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach'. in. The group led efforts in Oregon to establish an initiative and referendum system, allowing direct legislation by the state's citizens. Historian Arthur S. Link says they felt they were, "Inspired by the confidence that they knew better how to promote the peace and well-being of other countries than did the leaders of those countries themselves. This disarray enabled the conservatives (called "Stalwarts") to elect Emanuel Philipp as governor in 1914. One of the agreed upon principles focused on the importance of community and that goals of the community should come before those of individuals. Close ties were built with the local business community, as in the "community chest" movement. 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The Democrats were a minor conservative factor in Wisconsin. [141], Across the South, black communities developed their own Progressive reform projects.